![]() Fat emboli are reported with long bone fractures and liposuction, while air emboli occur in cardiac and neurosurgeries. The vast majority of pulmonary emboli are thromboemboli originating from deep veins. Damage to the respiratory epithelium and its cilia allows bacteria and viruses to proliferate and induce infection. The cilia, which are hairlike projections, act as sweepers to prevent dust and foreign particles from passing distally into the lungs. The airways responsible for conducting air from outside the body into the lungs are lined by ciliated mucous membranes. The lung segments are individual units with their bronchovascular supply hence, they can be individually resected. At the hila, the bronchi divide to lobar bronchi, then segmental and subsegmental bronchi, and then into smaller bronchioles, and at the 16th division, the tracheobronchial tree ends in the tiny terminal bronchioles which form the ends of the conducting airways and are followed by the gas exchange airways. This explains the more frequent aspiration of foreign material in the right side. The right main bronchus extends to the right lung more vertically than the left bronchus to the left lung. The trachea measures up to 25 cm in length and 2.5 cm in diameter. The trachea divides into two main bronchi at the carina, and each bronchus enters the corresponding lung at the hilum along with the pulmonary blood vessels and lymphatic channels. The lower airways are formed of a conducting system and a gas exchange system (Fig.
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